中国南瓜海南农家品种间的遗传特异性分析和DNA指纹图谱构建

在收集中国南瓜海南农家品种的基础上,本研究应用ISSR和SRAP标记技术对28份海南农家品种间的遗传特异性进行了分析,并构建指纹图谱,为中国南瓜海南农家品种鉴定、评价、保护和利用提供科学依据。结果表明,所供试的品种间存在显著的遗传特异性,具有特殊的遗传基础或背景,所筛选的6个ISSR引物和11对SRAP引物共产生了10个特异标记和11条唯一缺失带;应用ISSR引物组合UBC807/UBC814/UBC844/UBC868和UBC808/UBC814/UBC844/UBC868,以及SRAP引物组合Me1/Em2 Me1/Em10 Me2/Em3和Me1/Em1 Me1/Em10 Me8/Em3分别绘制了四张28份中国南瓜海南农家品种的DNA指纹图谱,所构建的DNA指纹图谱直观、简单。ISSR标记和SRAP标记技术可有效应用于中国南瓜海南农家品种DNA指纹图谱的构建和遗传特异性鉴定。     

Temporal and spatial patterns in the emigrations of the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) molestus in the montane forest of Mt Kenya

Abstract.  1. The emigration behaviour of the army ant Dorylus ( Anomma ) molestus was studied in the montane forest of Mt Kenya. This species forages by massive swarm raids (mean width 10.3 m ± 4.6 m SD), which are assumed to have a strong negative impact on the densities of prey populations.
2. For non-reproductive colonies the stay duration in a nest is highly variable (median 17, range 3–111 days). This suggests that the frequency of emigrations is not dictated by a brood cycle as an underlying endogenous pattern generator.
3. Colony density is high (mean nearest neighbour's distance 82.1 m ± 29.4 m SD) and mean foraging range is 75.0 m, so encounters with neighbouring colonies occur frequently.
4. The straight line emigration distance is on average 92.7 m (± 29.7 SD). The emigration direction is random with respect to absolute bearing and also relative to the direction of the previous emigration. However, the emigration direction is influenced by the location of the nearest neighbour. Colonies typically emigrate directly away from their nearest neighbour.
5. Local food depletion is likely to be the ultimate cause for emigrations in this species, because emigration distance is larger than foraging range and colonies move away from their nearest neighbour. A small percentage of emigrations may be triggered by pangolin attacks on nests.
6. Contrary to the prediction of a recently developed mathematical model for epigaeic swarm-raiding Dorylus ( Anomma ) species, D.  ( A .)  molestus colonies do not engage in intraspecific battles. Possible reasons for the absence of fights between colonies despite apparently fierce intraspecific competition are discussed.     

Causes of variation in mineral soil C content and turnover in differently managed beech dominated forests

Background and aims

Forest soils are important carbon stores and considered as net CO₂ sinks over decadal to centennial time scales. Intensive forest management is thought to reduce the carbon sequestration potential of forest soils. Here we study the effects of decades of forest management (as unmanaged forest, forest under selection cutting, forest under age class management) on the turnover of mineral associated soil organic matter (MOM) in German beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominated forests.

Methods

Radiocarbon contents were determined by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) in 79 Ah horizon MOM fractions of Cambisols (n?=?13), Luvisols (n?=?51) and Stagnosols (n?=?15). Mean residence times (MRTs) for soil organic carbon (SOC) were estimated with a 2-pool model using the litter input derived from a forest inventory.

Results

MOM fractions from Ah horizons contained 64?±?8.8 % of the bulk SOC. The radiocarbon content of MOM fractions in Ah horizons, expressed as Δ¹⁴C, ranged between ?2.8?‰ and 114?‰ for the three soil groups. Almost all samples contained a detectable proportion of ‘bomb’ carbon fixed from the atmosphere since 1963. Under the assumption that depending on the soil texture between 19 % and 24 % of the SOC from the labile pool is transferred to the stable SOC pool, the corresponding MRTs ranged between 72 and 723 years, with a median of 164 years.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the MOM fraction of Ah horizons from beech forests contained a high proportion of young carbon, but we did not find a significant decadal effect of forest management on the radiocarbon signature and related turnover times. Instead, both variables were controlled by clay contents and associated SOC concentrations (p?<?0.01). This underlines the importance of pedogenic properties for SOC turnover in the MOM fraction.     

Untersuchungen am Ovar von Bruchidius obtectus Say. (Coleoptera-Polyphaga) zur Klärung des Oocytenwachstums in der Prävitellogenese

Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die Ovariolen adulter Imagines von Bruchidius obtectus licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Durch den Nachweis von Nährsträngen, die die Oocyten mit den Nährzellen der Endkammer verbinden, konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, daß Bruchidius telotroph-meroistische Ovariolen besitzt. Die Nährzellen, deren Kerne kettenförmige Nukleolen aufweisen, bilden bei den Imagines ein Syncytium, das von einem räumlichen Maschennetz aus interstitiellen Zellen stabilisiert wird. In den Oocytenkernen entsteht während der Prävitellogenese eine Karyosphäre, von der aus Nukleolarkörper, Binnenkörper und segmentierte Längsstrukturen gebildet werden. Die Nukleolarkörper und die kettenförmigen Nährzellnukleolen werden als multiple Nukleolen diskutiert.Der zweite Teil der Arbeit stellt eine ontogenetische Untersuchung des Ovariolengewebes dar. Danach entsteht das Nährzellsyncytium in der Phase der Imaginalhäutung aus einem zellulär-fusomalen Verband. Die morphologische Abgrenzung der Ei- und Nährzellen voneinander sowie die Ausbildung von Nährsträngen finden ebenfalls in dieser Entwicklungsphase statt. Die präsumptiven Ei- und Nährzellen durchlaufen auf dem Puppenstadium das Pachytän der Prophase der Meiose. Damit weisen sich die Nährzellen als Keimbahnabkömmlinge aus.Im dritten Teil der Untersuchungen erfolgt eine Analyse der DNA- und RNA-Synthese sowie des RNA-Transports in dem Ovariolengewebe adulter Imagines. DNA Markierungen mit ³H-Thymidin lassen auf einen, wenn auch geringen, Polyploidiegrad der Nährzellkerne schließen. Markierungen mit ³H-Uridin belegen eine hohe RNA-Syntheserate der Nährzellkerne. Mit nahezu gleicher Intensität wie die Nährzellkerne synthetisieren auch die Oocytenkerne RNA, obwohl sie eine Karyosphäre bilden. Mit Hilfe von Markierungsgradienten im Ooplasma sowie von Nährstrangmarkierungen gelang der Nachweis eines RNA-Transportes von Nährzellsyncytium über die Nährstränge in die Oocyten.Abschließend wird das telotrophe Ovar von Bruchidius (Coleoptera-Polyphaga) dem telotrophen Ovar der Heteropteren gegenübergestellt. Der Vergleich legt eine konvergente Entwicklung dieses Ovartyps bei Insekten nahe.

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The growth of oocytes during previtellogenesis in the ovary of Bruchidius obtectus say. (Colepotera-Polyphaga)

Summary In the first part of the investigation the ovarioles of adult imagines are analyzed by light and electron microscopy. It is shown that nutritive cords connect the oocytes with the apical trophic tissue, demonstrating that Bruchidius has telotroph-meroistic ovarioles. The trophic tissue, in which the nurse cell nuclei contain chain-like nucleoli, is a syncytium stabilized by a three-dimensional network of interstitial cells. During previtellogenesis, a karyosphere is formed in oocyte nuclei in which nucleolar bodies, endobodies, and filament bodies originate. The nucleolar bodies and the chain-like nucleoli of nurse cells are considered to be multiple nucleoli.In the second part, the development of the ovariole tissue during ontogenesis is studied. The syncytial trophic tissue derives from a cellular-fusomal organization during the phase of molting. During the same period, the morphological distinction between nurse cells and oocytes as well as the development of nutritive cords take place. Nurse cells are derived from the germ-line, since, during pupal stages, both the prospective oocytes and the prospective nurse cells undergo the prophase of meiosis up to pachytene.The third part is an investigation of DNA- and RNA-synthesis and RNA-transport in the ovariole tissue of adult imagines. DNA labelling with tritiated thymidine shows a small degree of polyploidisation in nurse cell nuclei. By labelling with tritiated uridine, a high rate of RNA-synthesis could be demonstrated in nurse cell nuclei. A similar amount of RNA-synthesis exists in oocyte nuclei, even if they form a karyosphere. The transport of RNA from the apical trophic tissue via the nutritive cords into the oocytes is demonstrated by silver grain gradients over the ooplasm and by the labelling of nutritive cords.Finally, the telotrophic ovary of Bruchidius (Coleoptera-Polyphaga) is compared with the telotrophic ovary of Heteroptera, suggesting a convergent development of telotroph-meroistic ovaries in insects.

Meinem verstorbenen Lehrer Herrn Prof. Dr. Karlheinz Bier bin ich für die Überlassung des Themas und für die rege Anteilnahme am Fortgang der Arbeit zu großem Dank verpflichtet. Ebenso gilt mein Dank Herrn Prof. Dr. Klaus Heckmann, der mir die Fortsetzung der Arbeit ermöglichte. Für zahlreiche Diskussionsbeiträge und kritische Anmerkungen danke ich Herrn Prof. Dr. Oswald Hess, Herrn Dr. Udo Mays, Herrn Prof. Dr. Karl Müller und Herrn Dr. Fritz Weber. Frau Marianne Unger danke ich für die technische Hilfe bei der Anfertigung des Schemas.     

Field-effect devices for detecting cellular signals

The integration of living cells together with silicon field-effect devices challenges a new generation of biosensors and bioelectronic devices. Cells are representing highly organised complex systems, optimised by millions of years of evolution and offering a broad spectrum of bioanalytical receptor “tools” such as enzymes, nucleic acids proteins, etc. Their combination with semiconductor-based electronic chips allows the construction of functional hybrid systems with unique functional and electronic properties for both fundamental studies and biosensoric applications. This review article summarises recent advances and trends in research and development of cell/transistor hybrids (cell-based field-effect transistors) as well as light-addressable potentiometric sensors.     

核糖核酸酶抑制因子对H_2O_2损伤的大鼠神经胶质瘤细胞系C6的影响

核糖核酸酶抑制因子 (ribonucleaseinhibitor,RI)是广泛存在于哺乳动物细胞浆中的一种酸性糖蛋白 .为了进一步了解RI的功能 ,根据RI分子结构富含巯基的特点 ,研究了RI对过氧化氢(H2 O2 )损伤的大鼠神经胶质瘤细胞 (C6 )的影响 .用不同浓度的H2 O2 分别作用于转染有RIcDNA并且RI过表达的C6细胞和正常C6细胞 ,对比损伤前后 2者的细胞存活率、LDH漏出量、细胞内GSH和MDA含量差别 ,以及细胞内抗氧化酶类GPX、CAT和GST活性的差别 .结果表明 ,与正常C6细胞相比 ,RI过表达的C6细胞在H2 O2 作用下存活率高 ,LDH漏出量、MDA含量明显减少 ,而细胞内GSH较多 ;RI过表达的C6细胞在损伤前后均表现出更强的CAT和GST活性 .提示RI具有抗氧化功能 ,能够减轻H2 O2 所致的细胞过氧化损伤 .     

c-erbB-2单克隆抗体A18在乳腺癌中表达特性的研究

目的：研究一株自制的c-erbB-2单克隆抗体A18在乳腺癌中表达的特性。方法：应用免疫组织化学SP法、蛋白质印迹分析法和荧光激活的流式细胞分选检测技术检测A18在635例乳腺癌组织、100例癌旁乳腺组织、不表达c-erbB-2的NIH／3T3（鼠成纤维细胞）和NE91（转表皮生长因子受体基因的NR6鼠成纤维面积）细胞株及高表达c-erbB-2的T6－17（转c-erbB-2－基因的NIH／3T3细胞）和SKBR3（人乳腺癌细胞）细胞株中的表达状况,并与市售进口c-erbB-2抗体（MaximBiotech产品）进行了平行对照研究。A18系采用细胞表面区域表位包埋法免疫小鼠制备而成,,结果：A18阳性染色定位于细胞膜,部分伴微弱的细胞浆着色,无明显非特异性染色,A18和进口抗体对NIH／3T3、NE91细胞均呈阴性,T6－17、SKBR3细胞均呈阳性,在乳腺癌组织中,A18的阳性率为60．3％,明显高于癌旁乳腺组织的5．0％,A18与进口同类单抗的阴性、阳性及总符合率分别为84．0％、82．8％及83．2％,与进口同类多抗的阴性,阳性及总符合率分别为88．0％、90．2％和89．5％。A1和进口同类单抗与乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系一致。经反复冻融7次或4℃保存10个月A18效价仍保持在3μg/ml。结论：A18特异性强,定位准确,效价高而稳定、可用于临床乳腺癌的检测。     

普通离子交换剂用于HPLC柱层析法快速分离眼镜王蛇毒

目的　为了经济快速分离眼镜王蛇(Ophiophagushannah,Oh)蛇毒中的毒素成分。　方法　用普通离子交换剂于高效液相色谱柱 (HPLC) TSKgel SP-Toyopearl 65 0 SF (4× 1 5 0 mm)层析法 ,实验取得最佳分离条件后 ,将蛇毒样品上柱后进行梯度洗脱 ,各洗脱峰收集后在 Cosmosil 5 C4-AR-3 0 0柱 (4 .6× 1 5 0 mm)上进行逆相 HPLC分析。非单峰组分再进行 HPLC凝胶过滤柱TSKgel Toyopearl HW-40 Fine(4× 2 5 0 mm)层析 ,层析峰组分再进行 HPLC逆相分析。　结果　眼镜王蛇毒经HPLC离子交换柱层析获得了 1 6个蛋白组分 ,其中有 5个组分经逆相 HPLC分析单一组分 ;另外的复合性组分再进行 HPLC凝胶过滤柱层析后又得到 5个单峰蛋白组分。　结论　HPLC离子交换柱层析对分离蛇毒蛋白很有实用价值 ,特别是蛇毒样品量少的情况下 (1 0 ug)也能较好分离。还具有分离时间短 (1 h左右 ) ,无须低温条件等优点。HPLC凝胶过滤柱层析可进一步使蛋白组分得到提纯     

1—MCP处理对油桃果实硬度、呼吸及乙烯合成的影响

研究了1-MCP处理对“秦光”油桃果实硬度,呼吸,乙烯,EFE活性的影响。结果表明：1-MCP处理可抑制油桃果实乙烯的合成,显著地降低了乙烯峰值,仅为对照的一半,推迟了乙烯峰和呼吸峰的出现,但提高了呼吸峰值,延缓了果实硬度的下降,介对EFE活性无明显影响。     

河北乐亭发现短尾鹱

正2013年7月8日,笔者在河北省唐山市乐亭县马头营镇捞鱼尖村(39°9'N,118°52'E)救助了1只短尾鹱(Puffinus tenuirostris),经过45 d的人工喂养,待其康复后于2013年8月22日在原发现地放飞。其身体呈纺锤形,喙黑色且尖端有钩,鼻孔开于角质管内,开孔向上且位于嘴峰基部,头顶黑色,喉部较头顶颜色略浅,颈短,上体